Ua ʻike kaʻawale ʻo Carl Scheele, he kanaka kālai lāʻau Suedena, a me Daniel Rutherford, he kanaka kālai lāʻau ʻo Scottish, i ka nitrogen i ka makahiki 1772. Ua loaʻa kaʻawale ʻo Reverend Cavendish lāua ʻo Lavoisier i ka nitrogen i ka manawa like. Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Nitrogen ma ke ʻano he mea e Lavoisier, nāna i kapa iā ia ʻo "azo", ʻo ia hoʻi "mea ola ʻole". Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Chaptal i ka mea nitrogen i ka makahiki 1790. Ua loaʻa ka inoa mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene "nitre" (nitrate i loko o ka nitrogen in nitrate)
Nā Mea Hana Hana Nitrogen - China Nitrogen Production Factory & Suppliers (xinfatools.com)
Nā kumu o ka Nitrogen
ʻO ka Nitrogen ka 30 mea nui loa ma ka Honua. Ke noʻonoʻo nei he 4/5 o ka nui o ka lewa, a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 78%, loaʻa iā mākou ka nui o ka nitrogen i loaʻa iā mākou. Loaʻa ka Nitrogen ma ke ʻano o ka nitrates ma nā ʻano minerala like ʻole, e like me Chilean saltpeter (sodium nitrate), saltpeter a i ʻole nitre (potassium nitrate), a me nā minela i loaʻa nā paʻakai ammonium. Loaʻa ka Nitrogen i loko o nā molekala organik paʻakikī, me nā protein a me nā waikawa amino i loaʻa i nā mea ola a pau.
Nā waiwai kino
ʻO ka Nitrogen N2 he kinoea waihoʻoluʻu, ʻono ʻole, a ʻala ʻole i ka lumi wela, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa. ʻO ka nui kinoea ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau he 1.25g/L. Aia ka Nitrogen i 78.12% o ka nui o ka lewa (ka hapa nui) a ʻo ia ka mea nui o ka ea. Aia ma kahi o 400 trillion tons o ke kinoea ma ka lewa.
Ma lalo o ke kaomi o ka lewa maʻamau, ke hoʻoluʻu i -195.8 ℃, lilo ia i wai kala ʻole. Ke hoʻomaha ʻia a hiki i -209.86 ℃, lilo ka nitrogen wai i mea paʻa e like me ka hau.
ʻAʻole hiki ke puhi ʻia ka Nitrogen a manaʻo ʻia he kinoea asphyxiating. He haʻahaʻa loa ko Nitrogen i ka wai. Ma 283K, hiki i hoʻokahi leo wai ke hoʻoheheʻe ma kahi o 0.02 mau puke o N2.
Nā waiwai kemika
Loaʻa i ka Nitrogen nā waiwai kemika paʻa. He mea paʻakikī ke hana ʻana me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka lumi wela, akā hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kemika me kekahi mau mea ma lalo o ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā kūlana ikehu kiʻekiʻe, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea hou e pono ai ke kanaka.
ʻO ke ʻano orbital molecular o nā molekala nitrogen he KK σs2 σs*2 σp2 σp*2 πp2. Hoʻohui ʻia ʻekolu mau electrons i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻelua mau paʻa π a me hoʻokahi paʻa σ. ʻAʻohe haʻawina i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka ikaika anti-bonding e like me ka offset, a ua like lākou me nā pālua electron lone. No ka mea, aia kahi paʻa paʻa ʻekolu N≡N i loko o ka mole N2, he kūpaʻa nui ka mole N2, a he 941.69 kJ/mol o ka ikehu e hoʻoheheʻe ia i nā mana. ʻO ka mole N2 ka mea paʻa loa o nā molekala diatomic i ʻike ʻia, a ʻo ka nui o ka molekele pili o ka nitrogen he 28. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka naikokene e puhi a ʻaʻole kākoʻo i ka puhi ʻana.
ʻano hoʻāʻo
E hoʻokomo i ka pahu Mg e ʻā ana i loko o ka ʻōmole hōʻiliʻili kinoea i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka naikokene, a e hoʻomau ka ʻā o ka pahu Mg. Wehe i ka lehu i koe (Mg3N2 pauda melemele iki), hoʻohui i kahi wai liʻiliʻi, a hana i ke kinoea (amonia) e hoʻohuli i ka pepa litmus ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i uliuli. Ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike: 3Mg + N2 = ignition = Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride); Mg3N2 + 6H2O = 3Mg (OH) 2 + 2NH3↑
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona paʻa a me ke ʻano paʻa valence o ka nitrogen
Ma muli o ka paʻa loa o ka mea N2 hoʻokahi ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, manaʻo hewa pinepine ka poʻe he mea kemika ʻole ka nitrogen. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma ka mea ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i ka elemental nitrogen ka hana kemika kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka electronegativity o N (3.04) ka lua wale nō i ka F a me O, e hōʻike ana hiki iā ia ke hana i nā mea paʻa ikaika me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, hōʻike wale ka paʻa o ka mea hoʻokahi N2 mole i ka hana o ka N atom. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe i nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā molekala N2 ma ka lumi wela a me ke kaomi. Akā ma ke ʻano, hiki i kekahi mau huakini ma nā nodules mea kanu ke hoʻololi i ka N2 i ka lewa i loko o nā pūhui nitrogen ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka mahana maʻamau a me ke kaomi, a hoʻohana iā lākou i mea momona no ka ulu ʻana.
No laila, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana o ka nitrogen fixation he kumuhana noiʻi ʻepekema koʻikoʻi. No laila, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka pilina valence o ka nitrogen.
ʻAno paʻa
ʻO ka papa electron valence o ka N atom he 2s2p3, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia 3 mau electron hoʻokahi a me ʻelua mau pālua electron lone. Ma muli o kēia, i ka hana ʻana i nā pūhui, hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻano paʻa ʻekolu:
1. Ka hana ʻana i nā paʻa ionic 2. Ka hana ʻana i nā paʻa covalent 3. Ka hana ʻana i nā paʻa hoʻohui
1. Ka hana ʻana i nā paʻa ionic
He kiʻekiʻe ka electronegativity nā N atoms (3.04). Ke hana lākou i nā nitrides binary me nā metala me ka electronegativity haʻahaʻa, e like me Li (electronegativity 0.98), Ca (electronegativity 1.00), a me Mg (electronegativity 1.31), hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i 3 electron a hana i nā N3- ions. N2+ 6 Li == 2 Li3N N2+ 3 Ca == Ca3N2 N2+ 3 Mg =ignite= Mg3N2 N3- ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ion ʻino a ʻoi aku ka radius (171pm). E hydrolyzed ikaika lākou i ka wā e hālāwai ai lākou me nā mole wai. No laila, hiki ke noho i loko o kahi maloʻo wale nō nā pūhui ionic, a ʻaʻohe iona hydrated o N3-.
2. Hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea paʻa covalent
Ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻātoma N i nā pūhui me nā metala ʻole me ka electronegativity kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea paʻa covalent penei:
⑴N nā mana e lawe i ka sp3 hybridization state, e hana i ekolu covalent bonds, e malama i elua o ka lone electron pairs, a o ka molecular configuration he trigonal pyramidal, e like me NH3, NF3, NCl3, etc. he tetrahedron mau, e like me NH4+ ion.
Lawe nā ʻātoma ⑵N i ka mokuʻāina hoʻohuihui sp2, hana i ʻelua mau paʻa covalent a me hoʻokahi mea paʻa, a mālama i ʻelua mau pālua electron lone, a ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho molecular he angular, e like me Cl—N=O. (Hoʻokumu ka N atom i ka paʻa σ a me ka paʻa π me ka atom Cl, a ʻo nā pālua electron lone ma ka N atom e hana i ka mole mole he ʻekolu. NO3- iona. I loko o ka mole mole ʻakika nitric, hoʻokumu ʻia ka N atom i ʻekolu mau paʻa σ me ʻekolu mau ʻātoma O, a ʻo nā ʻelua o nā electron ma kona orbital π a me nā electrons π hoʻokahi o ʻelua mau O nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi paʻa π i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻekolu kikowaena ʻehā-electron delocalized. I loko o ka ion nitrate, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi paʻa π nui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma waena o ʻekolu mau ʻātoma O a me ke kikowaena N atom. Hoʻokumu kēia ʻano i ka helu oxidation ʻikea o N atom i loko o ka waikawa nitric +5. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā paʻa π nui, paʻa ka nitrate ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau. Hoʻohana ʻo ⑶N atom i ka sp hybridization e hana i kahi paʻa ʻekolu covalent a hoʻopaʻa i ʻelua mau pālua electron lone. He laina laina ka hoʻonohonoho molekala, e like me ke ʻano o ka N atom ma N2 mole a me CN-.
3. Ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā paʻa hoʻonohonoho
Ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻātoma nitrogen i nā mea maʻalahi a i ʻole nā huihui, paʻa pinepine lākou i nā pālua electron lone, no laila hiki i kēlā mau mea maʻalahi a i ʻole pūhui ke hana ma ke ʻano he mau mea hāʻawi electron e hoʻohui i nā ion metala. No ka laʻana, [Cu(NH3)4]2+ a i ʻole [Tu(NH2)5]7, etc.
ʻO ke kūlana oxidation-Gibbs ka ikehu manuahi
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka mokuʻāina oxidation-Gibbs free energy diagram of nitrogen, koe naʻe nā ions NH4, ʻo ka mole N2 me ka helu hoʻohāhā o 0 aia ma ka lae haʻahaʻa o ka pihi ma ke kiʻikuhi, e hōʻike ana he thermodynamically ka N2. paʻa pili i nā pūhui nitrogen me nā helu oxidation ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā waiwai o nā pūhui nitrogen like ʻole me nā helu oxidation ma waena o 0 a me +5 aia ma luna o ka laina e hoʻopili ana i nā helu ʻelua HNO3 a me N2 (ka laina kikoʻī ma ke kiʻikuhi), no laila ʻaʻole paʻa kēia mau pūhui i ka thermodynamically unstable a hiki i nā hopena disproportionation. ʻO ka mea wale nō ma ke kiʻikuhi me ka waiwai haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mole N2 ʻo ia ka NH4+ ion. [1] Mai ka moku'āina oxidation-Gibbs free energy diagram of nitrogen and the structure of N2 mole, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole hana ka elemental N2. Ma lalo wale nō o ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ʻana mai o kahi catalyst hiki ke hoʻololi i ka nitrogen me ka hydrogen e hana ai i ka amonia: Ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu, hiki ke hui pū ka nitrogen me ka oxygen e hana i ka nitric oxide: N2+O2=discharge=2NO Hoʻohui koke ʻia ka nitric oxide me ka oxygen. hoʻohua i ka nitrogen dioxide 2NO+O2=2NO2 Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka nitrogen dioxide i loko o ka wai e hana ai i ka waikawa nitric, nitric oxide 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO Ma nā ʻāina me ka hydropower i kūkulu ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia hopena e hana i ka waikawa nitric. Hoʻopili ka N2 me ka hydrogen e hana i ka amonia: N2+3H2=== (hōʻailona hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia) 2NH3 N2 hana me nā metala me ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale haʻahaʻa a nona nā nitrides i loaʻa ka ikehu lattice kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā nitrides ionic. No ka laʻana: Hiki i ka N2 ke hana pololei me ka lithium metala ma ke ana wela: 6 Li + N2=== 2 Li3N N2 hana me nā metala honua alkaline Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba ma nā wela incandescent: 3 Ca + N2 === Ca3N2 N2 hiki Hoʻopili wale ʻia me ka boron a me ka aluminika ma nā wela incandescent: 2 B + N2 === 2 BN (macromolecule compound) N2 maʻamau e hana me ke silikoni a me nā mea hui ʻē aʻe ma kahi mahana i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1473K.
Hāʻawi ka molekala nitrogen i ʻekolu mau ʻelepona i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hana ana i ʻelua mau paʻa π a me hoʻokahi paʻa σ. ʻAʻole ia e hāʻawi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a ua kokoke like ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka ikaika anti-bonding, a ua like lākou me nā pālua electron lone. No ka mea, he paʻa kolu N≡N i loko o ka mole N2, he paʻa loa ka mole N2, a he 941.69kJ/mol o ka ikehu e hoʻoheheʻe ia i nā mana. ʻO ka mole N2 ka mea paʻa loa o nā molekala diatomic i ʻike ʻia, a ʻo ka nui o ka molekele pili o ka nitrogen he 28. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka naikokene e puhi a ʻaʻole kākoʻo i ka puhi ʻana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-23-2024
