1. Nānā o ke kila cryogenic
1) ʻO nā koi ʻenehana no ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maʻamau: lawa ka ikaika a lawa ka paʻakikī i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka hana kuʻi ʻana maikaʻi, ka hana hana a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, etc. ʻo ka pale ʻana i ka hiki ʻana a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka haki ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka mea nui loa. No laila, ʻōlelo maʻamau nā ʻāina i kahi waiwai paʻakikī hopena i ka wela haʻahaʻa.
2) Ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā mea e like me carbon, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, a me ka nitrogen e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka phosphorus ka mea ʻino loa, no laila e pono ke hoʻopau ʻia ka dephosphorization haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. hana ʻia ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Hiki i nā mea e like me ka manganese a me ka nickel ke hoʻoikaika i ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No kēlā me kēia hoʻonui 1% o ka maʻiʻo nickel, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka mahana hoʻololi koʻikoʻi brittle ma kahi o 20°C.
3) He hopena koʻikoʻi ko ke kaʻina hana wela ma ke ʻano metallographic a me ka nui o ka palaoa o ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e pili pū ana i ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa o ke kila. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
4) E like me nā ʻano hana wela like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ke kila hoʻolei a me ke kila ʻōwili. E like me ka ʻokoʻa o ka haku mele ʻana a me ka hana metallographic, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila wela haʻahaʻa: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kila, 6% nickel steel, 9% nickel steel, chromium-manganese a i ʻole chromium-manganese-nickel austenitic steel a me chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel. kali. Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma kahi ʻano wela e pili ana i -100 ° C no ka hana ʻana i nā lako refrigeration, nā mea halihali, nā lumi mālama vinyl a me nā lako petrochemical. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, United Kingdom, Iapana a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka 9% nickel steel i nā hale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma 196 ° C, e like me nā pahu mālama no ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i ka biogas liquefied a me ka methane, nā mea hana no ka mālama ʻana i ka oxygen wai. , a me ka hana ʻana i ka wai oxygen a me ka wai nitrogen. ʻO ke kila kila Austenitic kahi mea hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maikaʻi loa. He maikaʻi haʻahaʻa-mehana toughness, maikaʻi kuʻihao hana, a haʻahaʻa thermal conductivity. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā kula haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e like me nā tankers transport a me nā pahu mālama no ka hydrogen wai a me ka oxygen wai. Eia naʻe, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka chromium a me ka nickel, ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi.
2. Overview o ka haʻahaʻa wela kila kuʻihao hana
I ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano hana kuʻi ʻana a me nā kūlana kūkulu o ke kila wela haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka pilikia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua: ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hui welded a me ka pale ʻana i ka hiki ʻana o nā māwae.
1) Hoʻoponopono Bevel
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka groove o nā hui welded haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ke ʻano o ke kila kalapona maʻamau, ke kila kila haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ke kila kila, a hiki ke mālama ʻia e like me ka mea maʻamau. Akā no ka 9Ni Gang, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻauwai ma lalo o 70 degere, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao blunt ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 3mm.
Hiki ke ʻoki ʻia nā kila wela haʻahaʻa me ka lama oxyacetylene. He ʻoi aku ka lohi o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wā e ʻoki ai ke kinoea i ke kila 9Ni ma mua o ka wā e ʻoki ai ke kinoea i ke kila kalapona maʻamau. Inā ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ke kila ma mua o 100mm, hiki ke hoʻomehana ʻia ka ʻoki ʻoki i 150-200 ° C ma mua o ka ʻoki kinoea, akā ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 200 ° C.
ʻAʻohe hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻoki kinoea i nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka wela welding. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka paʻakikī paʻakikī o ke kila nickel, e paʻakikī ka ʻili i ʻoki ʻia. I mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hana ʻoluʻolu o ka hui welded, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huila wili e wili i ka ʻili o ka ʻili i ʻoki ʻia ma mua o ka wili.
Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia ka 'arc gouging inā e wehe 'ia ka weld bead a i 'ole ke kumu metala i ka wā o ka hana wili. Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻili o ka notch ma mua o ka noi hou ʻana.
ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka lapalapa o Oxyacetylene no ka pilikia o ka wela nui ʻana o ke kila.
2) Ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano hana kuʻi
ʻO nā ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau i loaʻa no ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka wili arc, wili arc submerged, a me ka hoʻoheheʻe electrode argon arc.
ʻO ka wiliwili arc ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kila wela haʻahaʻa, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kūlana wili like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻokomo wela wela e pili ana i 18-30KJ / cm. Inā hoʻohana ʻia kahi electrode ʻano haʻahaʻa-hydrogen, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi hui welded maikaʻi loa. ʻAʻole maikaʻi wale nā waiwai mechanical, akā maikaʻi nō hoʻi ka paʻakikī notch. Eia kekahi, he maʻalahi a maʻalahi ka mīkini arc welding, a he liʻiliʻi ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā mea hana, ʻaʻole pili ʻia e ke kūlana a me ke kuhikuhi. nā pono e like me nā palena.
ʻO ka hoʻokomo wela o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ke kila wela haʻahaʻa ma kahi o 10-22KJ/cm. Ma muli o kāna mau mea hana maʻalahi, kiʻekiʻe kuʻihao maikaʻi a me ka hana maʻalahi, hoʻohana nui ia. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka hopena insulation wela o ka flux, e hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻoilo, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana i nā māwae wela. Eia kekahi, komo pinepine nā haumia a me Si i ka metala weld mai ka flux, e hoʻoikaika hou i kēia ʻano. No laila, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka welding arc submerged, e hoʻolohe i ke koho ʻana o ka wili welding a me ka flux a hana pono.
ʻO nā hui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e CO2 gas shielded welding he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, no laila ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wili kila wela haʻahaʻa.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Tungsten argon arc welding (TIG welding) me ka lima, a ua kaupalena ʻia kona hoʻokomo wela i ka 9-15KJ/cm. No laila, ʻoiai ʻo nā hui welded loaʻa nā waiwai ʻoluʻolu loa, ʻaʻole kūpono lākou ke ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa kila ma mua o 12mm.
ʻO ka wiliwili MIG ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia a i ʻole semi-aunoa welding ala i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wili kila. ʻO 23-40KJ/cm kona hoʻokomo wela. E like me ke kaʻina hoʻoili droplet, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻano: ke kaʻina hoʻololi pōkole (hoʻokomo wela haʻahaʻa), ke kaʻina hoʻoili jet (hoʻokomo wela kiʻekiʻe) a me ke kaʻina hoʻoili jet pulse (hoʻokomo wela kiʻekiʻe). ʻO ka hoʻololi pōkole ʻo MIG welding ka pilikia o ka lawa ʻole o ke komo ʻana, a hiki mai paha ka hemahema o ka hui ʻana. Loaʻa nā pilikia like me nā kahe MIG ʻē aʻe, akā i kahi pae ʻokoʻa. I mea e ʻoi aku ka paʻa ʻana o ke arc e hoʻokō ai i ke komo ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau pākēneka a hiki i ka ʻumi o ka pākēneka o CO2 a i ʻole O2 i loko o ka argon maʻemaʻe e like me ke kinoea pale. E hoʻoholo ʻia nā pākēneka kūpono ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana no ke kila kūikawā i wili ʻia.
3) Ke kohoʻana i nā mea wili
ʻO nā mea wiliwili (me ke koʻokoʻo wiliwili, ke kaula wili a me ka flux, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) pono e hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano hana kuʻi. ʻO ke ʻano hui a me ke ʻano groove a me nā ʻano pono ʻē aʻe e koho ai. No ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka mea nui e hoʻolohe i ka hana ʻana i ka weld metala he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka metala kumu, a hoʻemi i ka ʻike o ka hydrogen diffusible i loko.
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(1) Aluminum deoxidized kila
ʻO ke kila alumini deoxidized he kila kila i maʻalahi loa i ka mana o ka hoʻomaha ʻana ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā electrodes i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wiliwili arc manual o ke kila deoxidized alumini ʻo Si-Mn low-hydrogen electrodes a i ʻole 1.5% Ni a me 2.0% Ni electrodes.
I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻokomo wela o ka welding, hoʻohana wale ke kila deoxidized aluminika i ka welding multi-layer me nā electrodes lahilahi o ≤¢3 ~ 3.2mm, i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pōʻai wela lua o ka papa luna o ka weld e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kīʻaha.
ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka hopena o ka weld metala i hoʻopili ʻia me ka Si-Mn series electrode e emi loa i ka 50 ℃ me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokomo wela. No ka laʻana, ke piʻi ka hoʻokomo wela mai 18KJ/cm a i 30KJ/cm, e nalowale ka paʻakikī ma mua o 60%. ʻO 1.5% Ni series a me 2.5% Ni series welding electrodes ʻaʻole i maʻalahi i kēia, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i kēia ʻano electrode no ka wili.
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i loko o ke arc kahi ala maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kila deoxidized aluminika. ʻO ka uea kuʻihao i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kuʻi ʻana i loko o ke arc ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano he 1.5 ~ 3.5% nickel a me 0.5 ~ 1.0% molybdenum.
E like me ka palapala, me ka 2.5% Ni—0.8% Cr—0.5% Mo a i ole 2% Ni welding uea, i like me ka flux kupono, ka awelika Charpy toughness waiwai o ka weld metala ma -55 ° C hiki i 56-70J (5.7). ~7.1Kgf.m). ʻOiai ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 0.5% Mo welding wire a me manganese alloy basic flux, ʻoiai ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wela ma lalo o 26KJ/cm, hiki ke hana ʻia ka metala weld me ν∑-55=55J (5.6Kgf.m).
I ke koho ʻana i ka flux, pono e noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Si a me Mn i ka metala weld. Hōʻike hōʻike. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o Si a me Mn i loko o ka metala weld e hoʻololi nui i ka waiwai paʻakikī Charpy. ʻO nā mea Si a me Mn me ka waiwai paʻakikī maikaʻi loa ʻo 0.1 ~ 0.2%Si a me 0.7 ~ 1.1%Mn. I ke koho ana i ka welding uwea a E makaala i keia i ka soldering.
Hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ʻia ka wili argon arc tungsten a me ke kila argon arc i ka alumini deoxidized kila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā uea kuʻi ʻana ma luna no ka wiliwili ʻana i ka argon arc.
(2) 2.5Ni kila a me 3.5Ni
Hiki ke wiliwili ʻia ka wiliwili arc a i ʻole MIG o ke kila 2.5Ni a me ke kila 3.5Ni me ka uwea kuʻi like me ka mea kumu. Akā e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o Wilkinson formula (5), ʻo Mn kahi mea hoʻokae wela no ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa nickel. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike manganese i loko o ka metala weld ma kahi o 1.2% he mea maikaʻi loa ia e pale i nā māwae wela e like me nā māwae arc crater. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia i ke koho ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka welding wire a me ka flux.
3.5Ni kila makemake e e huhu a embrittled, no laila, ma hope o ka post-weld wela lapaʻau (no ka laʻana, 620 ° C × 1 hola, laila kapuahi hoʻoluʻu) e hoopau i koena stress, ν∑-100 e hāʻule loa mai 3.8 Kgf.m a ʻAʻole hiki iā 2.1Kgf.m ke hoʻokō hou i nā koi. ʻO ka weld metala i hana ʻia e ka welding me 4.5% Ni-0.2% Mo series welding wire i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka embrittlement huhū. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia uwea welding hiki ke pale i nā pilikia ma luna.
(3) 9Ni kila
9Ni kila mea maʻamau wela ma ka hoʻopio a me ka tempering a elua paha normalizing a me ka tempering e hoonui i kona haʻahaʻa wela toughness. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka metala weld o kēia kila e like me ka mea i luna. No laila, paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o ka metala weld me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka metala kumu inā hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohana i ka hao. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea wili nickel kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā welds i waiho ʻia e ia mau mea welding e lilo loa i austenitic. ʻOiai aia nā hemahema o ka ikaika haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kumu kila 9Ni a me nā kumukūʻai pipiʻi loa, ʻaʻole ia he pilikia koʻikoʻi no ka haki ʻana.
Mai ka mea i luna, hiki ke ʻike ʻia no ka mea ʻoi loa ka austenitic o ka weld, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka weld metala i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kuʻi ʻana me nā electrodes a me nā uea ua like loa ia me ka metala kumu, akā ʻo ka ikaika tensile a me ka helu hua. haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka metala kumu. ʻO ke kila me ka Nickel ka paʻakikī pono'ī, no laila ka nui o nā electrodes a me nā uea e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike kalapona i mea e loaʻa ai ka weldability maikaʻi.
He mea hoʻoikaika koʻikoʻi ʻo Mo i nā mea wiliwili, ʻoiai ʻo Nb, Ta, Ti a me W nā mea hoʻoikaika paʻakikī, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka nānā piha i ke koho ʻana i nā mea wili.
Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka uea hoʻoheheʻe like no ka wili, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka weld metala o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i lalo o ka arc ma mua o ka MIG welding, ʻo ia paha ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka helu hoʻoluʻu weld a me ka infiltration o nā haumia a i ʻole Si. mai ka holo ana o.
3. A333-GR6 haʻahaʻa wela kila paipu kuʻihao
1) Weldability kālailai o A333-GR6 kila
ʻO ke kila A333-GR6 no ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he -70 ℃, a hāʻawi pinepine ʻia ia ma ke kūlana maʻamau a maʻamau. ʻO ke kila A333-GR6 he haʻahaʻa kalapona, no laila he liʻiliʻi ke ʻano paʻakikī a me ka maʻi anu, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka plasticity, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i ka paʻakikī a me nā hemahema, a maikaʻi ka weldability. ER80S-Ni1 argon arc welding wire hiki ke hoʻohana Me W707Ni electrode, hoʻohana argon-electric hui kuʻihao, a hoʻohana ER80S-Ni1 argon arc kuʻihao uwea, a hoʻohana piha argon arc kuʻihao e hōʻoia i ka maikai toughness o welded ami. Hiki i ka brand o argon arc welding wire a me electrode ke koho i nā huahana me ka hana like, akā hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia me ka ʻae o ka mea nona.
2) Kaʻina hana wili
No nā kaʻina hana wiliwili kikoʻī, e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ka puke aʻo kaʻina hana wiliwili a i ʻole WPS. I ka wā wili, hoʻohana ʻia ka hui pū ʻana I-type a me ka wili argon arc piha no nā paipu me ke anawaena ma lalo o 76.2 mm; no nā paipu me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 76.2 mm, ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana V-like, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka wiliwili hui argon-electric me ka argon arc priming a me ka hoʻopiha multi-layer a i ʻole ʻO ke ʻano o ka wili argon arc piha. ʻO ke ala kikoʻī, ʻo ia ke koho i ke ʻano kuʻi ʻana e like me ka ʻokoʻa o ke anawaena paipu a me ka mānoanoa o ka pā paipu i ka WPS i ʻae ʻia e ka mea nona.
3) Kaʻina hana wela
(1) Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ma mua o ka wili
Ke emi iho ka mahana ambient ma mua o 5 ° C, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka weldment, a ʻo ka preheating ka 100-150 ° C; ʻo 100 mm ka laulā preheating ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka weld; ua wela ia me ka oxyacetylene flame (neutral flame), a ua ana ka wela. .
(2) Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela ma hope o ka weld
I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka paʻakikī notch o ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua kinai ʻia nā mea i hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld kūpono ʻole e hōʻemi pinepine i kāna hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, pono e uku nui ʻia. No laila, koe naʻe nā kūlana o ka mānoanoa weldment nui a i ʻole nā kūlana hoʻopaʻa koʻikoʻi loa, ʻaʻole lawe ʻia ka mālama wela post-weld no ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole pono ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā paipu LPG hou i CSPC i ka mālama wela ma hope o ka weld. Inā makemake ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld i kekahi mau papahana, ʻo ka helu wela, ka manawa wela mau a me ka wikiwiki o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld e pono e like me nā lula aʻe:
Ke piʻi ka mahana ma luna o 400 ℃, ʻaʻole pono ka nui o ka wela ma mua o 205 × 25/δ ℃/h, a ʻaʻole pono ma mua o 330 ℃/h. ʻO ka manawa wela mau he 1 hola no ka manoanoa pā 25 mm, a ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 15 mau minuke. I loko o ka manawa wela mau, pono e emi ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o 65 ℃.
Ma hope o ka mahana mau, ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoluʻu ma mua o 65 × 25/δ ℃/h, a ʻaʻole pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o 260 ℃/h. ʻAe ʻia ka hoʻoluʻu kūlohelohe ma lalo o 400 ℃. TS-1 ʻano mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela i mālama ʻia e ke kamepiula.
4) Hoʻomalu
(1) Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua e like me nā lula, a mālama i ka mahana interlayer, a mālama ʻia ka mahana interlayer ma 100-200 ℃. E wili ʻia kēlā me kēia wili wili i ka manawa hoʻokahi, a inā e hoʻopau ʻia, e lawe ʻia nā hana hoʻomaha mālie.
(2) Ua pāpā loa ʻia ka ʻili o ka weldment mai ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana e ke arc. Pono e hoʻopiha ʻia ka lua arc a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hemahema me ka huila wili i ka wā e pani ʻia ai ke arc. Pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hui ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka welding multi-layer.
(3) E hoʻomalu pono i ka ikehu laina, e hoʻohana i ka manawa liʻiliʻi, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka wili wikiwiki. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka welding o kēlā me kēia electrode W707Ni me ke anawaena o 3.2 mm pono e ʻoi aku ma mua o 8 cm.
(4) Pono e ʻae ʻia ke ʻano hana o ka pōkole pōkole a ʻaʻohe kowali.
(5) Pono e ʻae ʻia ke kaʻina hana piha, a pono e hoʻokō ʻia e like me nā koi o ke kaʻina hana welding a me ke kāleka kaʻina hana welding.
(6) ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka weld he 0 ~ 2mm, a ʻo ka laulā o kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao o ka weld he ≤ 2mm.
(7) Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻāʻo non-destructive ma kahi o 24 mau hola ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka weld. E hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wili paipu ma lalo o JB 4730-94.
(8) "Pressure Vessels: Non-destructive Testing of Pressure Vessels" standard, Class II qualified.
(9) Pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka Weld ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld. Inā pono ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻia ka weld ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana.
(10) Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka geometric o ka weld i ka maʻamau, ʻae ʻia ka wili ʻana, a ʻo ka mānoanoa ma hope o ka wili ʻana ʻaʻole e emi iho ma mua o ka koi hoʻolālā.
(11) No nā hemahema wiliwili maʻamau, ʻae ʻia ka nui o ʻelua hoʻoponopono. Inā ʻaʻole kūpono nā hoʻoponopono ʻelua, pono e ʻoki ʻia ka weld a hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana wili piha.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-21-2023
