He aha nā mea welder e ʻike ai i ka nānā ʻana Macroscopic o nā hemahema weld

ʻO nā koi maikaʻi no nā hale welded, nā huahana welded, a me nā hui welded he multi-faceted. Loaʻa iā lākou nā koi kūloko e like me ka hana hui a me ka hui. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻohe hemahema o ka helehelena, ke ʻano, ka pololei o ka nui, ka hana weld seam, ka ʻili a me nā hemahema o loko. I mea e ike ia lakou i ka hikiwawe loa, No ka hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka nānā ʻana macroscopic ma mua, a ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopic kikoʻī inā pono.

ʻO ka maʻiʻo koʻikoʻi o ka nānā ʻana macro ka nānā ʻana i nā hemahema o nā hui welded. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ke ʻano loiloi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka microscope metallographic, ʻike ʻia nā hemahema o loko i hana ʻia e nā hui welded ma o ka metallographic haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā kumu o nā hemahema me ka nānā ʻana i ka microstructure kiʻekiʻe, a me nā ala e pale ai a ʻike ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā hui welded. maikaʻi.

Ma ka laʻana, wili, etching a me ka lawe haʻahaʻa-magnification kiʻi, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike maopopo a intuitively i nā hemahema macroscopic o nā hui welded, a hui pū ʻia me nā kūlana kuʻekuʻe e pili ana, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo inā hiki ke hoʻokō i ke kaʻina hana kuʻi, nā limahana welding, a me nā hale kuʻi. nā koi pili. Nā koi.

Wahi a ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ke ʻano defect, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā defect macro weld i nā ʻāpana aʻe:

1. Stomata

I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana crystallization o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe, hiki ke noho kekahi mau kinoea i loko o ke aniani wili e hana i nā pores no ka mea ʻaʻohe manawa e pakele ai.

ʻO ka porosity kahi hemahema maʻamau i nā hui welded. ʻAʻole ʻike wale ʻia ka porosity ma ka ʻili o ka weld, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o ka weld. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana me nā ala maʻalahi i ka wā o ka hana welding, kahi e hōʻeha nui ai.

ʻO nā pores welding i loko o ka weld i kapa ʻia nā pores i loko, a ʻo nā pores e hāmama ana i waho i kapa ʻia ʻo surface pores.

2. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka slag
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka slag he slag hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohui ʻole i loko o ka weld, kahi hemahema maʻamau i ka weld.

I ke kuʻi ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uea metala i piha i ka flux, e like me ke kuʻi ʻana o ka arc submerged, lilo ka lepo i ka pala ma muli o ka deposition maikaʻi ʻole, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano kuʻi ʻana CO2 me ka ʻole o ka flux, hoʻopuka ka huahana deoxidation i ka slag, e waiho nei i loko o ka metala weld multi-layer. Hiki ke hana i nā slag inclusions.

3. ʻAʻole lawa ka komo ʻana a me ka hui ʻana
ʻO ke komo ʻole ʻana e pili ana i ka ʻāpana i waiho ʻia ma ke kumu o ka hui ʻaʻole i komo piha i ka wā wili.

ʻO ka nele o ka hui ʻana he hemahema maʻamau. E pili ana i ke koena o ke koena kūloko ma waena o ka metala weld a me ka metala kumu a i ʻole ma waena o nā peʻa weld pili a me nā papa weld. ʻAʻole hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka metala kumu a me ka metala kumu a hui pū ʻia i ka wā o ke kuʻi ʻana. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi i hui ʻole ʻia.

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4. Nā māwae
Welding māwae ua maheleia i wela mawae (crystal māwae, kiʻekiʻe-mehana liquefaction māwae, polygonal māwae), anu māwae (loaʻa māwae, hardening embrittlement māwae, haʻahaʻa plasticity māwae), reheat māwae, a me ka lamellar waimaka e like me ko lakou ano a me na kumu. māwae etc.

5. Oki lalo
Kapa ʻia ka undercut i kekahi manawa. He awāwa ia i haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka ʻili o ka metala kumu ma ka manamana wāwae weld no ka mea ʻaʻole i uhi pono ka metala i waiho ʻia i ka ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe o ka metala kumu i ka wā wili. ʻO ia ka hopena o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka welding arc i ka lihi o ka weldment. ʻAʻole hoʻopiha hou ʻia ka ʻāpana i waiho ʻia e ka metala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ke koʻokoʻo wili.

Hiki ke hoʻonāwaliwali ka ʻoki ʻana i lalo i ka ikaika hui a hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ke kūkulu ʻana ma lalo.

6. Nā hemahema ʻē aʻe
Ma waho aʻe o nā hemahema ma luna, ʻo nā hemahema maʻamau o nā welds e komo pū me ka looseness, insulation anuanu, kuni, weld nodules, shrinkage cavities, lua, sag, uneven weld wāwae nui, excessive concavity/convexity, a me ka hewa weld toe kihi. kali.