ʻO nā mea hana ʻoki CNC he mau mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka hana mechanical, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo nā mea ʻokiʻoki.ʻO ka hui pūʻana o nā mea hana hana maikaʻi a me nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe CNC hiki ke hāʻawi i ka pāʻani piha i kāna hana kūpono a loaʻa i nā pono waiwai maikaʻi.Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki hou i ke kino, nā waiwai mechanical a me ka hana ʻoki.Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā o ka noi.
ʻOihana mea hana CNC
1. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o nā mea hana like ʻole me kahi ʻāpana pipili a me kahi ʻāpana hana.ʻO ka ʻāpana hoʻopaʻa a me ka ʻāpana hana o ka mea hana hoʻohui i hana ʻia ma ke kino ʻoki;ʻo ka ʻāpana hana (niho pahi a i ʻole ka pahi) o ka mea hana hoʻokomo i kau ʻia ma ke kino ʻoki.
2. ʻElua ʻano ʻāpana ʻāpana me nā lua a me nā lima.Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka mea hana me ka lua ma ke kumu nui a i ʻole mandrel o ka mīkini mea hana ma o ka lua i loko, a hoʻouna ʻia ka manawa torsional ma o ke kī axial a i ʻole ke kī maka hope, e like me ka mea ʻoki ʻokiʻoki cylindrical, a ʻoki wili maka shell, etc.
3. ʻEkolu mau ʻano o nā pahi me nā lima: ʻāpana ʻāʻī, shank cylindrical a me conical shank.ʻO nā mea hana hoʻohuli, nā mea hana hoʻolālā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mau ʻāpana ʻehā;nā conical shanks e hoʻokuʻi i ke axial e ka taper, a e hoʻouna i ka torque me ke kōkua o ka friction;ʻO nā shank cylindrical ka mea maʻamau no nā wili liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā wili hope a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hopena frictional ikaika e hoʻouna i ka torque.Hana ʻia ka ʻāpana o nā pahi he nui i ke kila kila haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka ʻāpana hana i hana ʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻāpana ʻelua.
4. ʻO ka ʻāpana hana o ka mea hana, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana e hoʻohua ai a e hoʻoheheʻe ai i nā ʻāpana, me nā mea i kūkulu ʻia e like me ka lau, ka hale e haki ai a ʻōwili paha i nā ʻāpana, kahi no ka wehe ʻana i ka chip a i ʻole ka waiho ʻana i nā chip, a me ke kahawai no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wai.ʻO ka ʻāpana hana o kekahi mau mea hana, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana ʻoki, e like me nā mea hoʻohuli, nā mea hoʻolālā, nā mea hoʻoluliluli a me nā mea ʻoki wili;ʻO ka ʻāpana hana o kekahi mau mea paahana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana calibration, e like me nā drills, reamers, reamers, nā pahi huki i loko o ka ʻili a me nā paʻi a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili o ka mīkini a alakaʻi i ka mea hana.
5. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana hana o ka mea hana he ʻekolu mau ʻano: integral type, welding type a me mechanical clamping type.ʻO ka hana holoʻokoʻa e hana i kahi ʻoki ʻoki ma ke kino ʻoki;ʻO ka hana kuʻi ʻana e hoʻopaʻa i ka pahi i ke kino ʻoki kila;ʻelua mau hana hoʻopili mechanical, ʻo kekahi e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻili ma ke kino ʻoki, a ʻo kekahi ʻo ia e hoʻopaʻa i ke poʻo ʻoki ʻoki ma luna o ke kino ʻoki.Hana ʻia nā mea hana carbide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā hale welded a i ʻole nā hana hoʻopili mechanical;ʻO nā mea hana porcelain he mau hana hoʻopili mīkini.
6. ʻO nā ʻāpana geometric o ka ʻāpana ʻokiʻoki o ka mea hana he mana nui i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ka hana.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kihi rake hiki ke hōʻemi i ka deformation plastic i ka wā e ʻoki ai ka maka rake i ka ʻoki ʻoki, a hoʻemi i ke kūpaʻa frictional o nā ʻāpana e kahe ana ma mua, a laila e hōʻemi i ka ikaika ʻoki a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wela.Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kihi rake e hōʻemi i ka ikaika o ka ʻoki ʻoki a hoʻemi i ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe wela o ke poʻo ʻoki.
Hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hana CNC
Hoʻokahi ʻāpana: nā mea hana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o waho, me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā mea hana, nā mea hoʻolālā, nā mea ʻoki wili, nā broaches o waho a me nā faila, etc.;
ʻO ka lua o ka māhele: nā mea hana hole, me nā drills, reamers, nā mea hoʻoluliluli, reamers a me nā broaches o loko, etc.;
ʻO ke kolu o ka ʻāpana: nā mea hana hoʻoponopono milo, me nā paʻi, make, wehe a pani ʻana i nā poʻo ʻoki milo, nā mea hana hoʻohuli milo a me nā mea ʻoki milling thread, etc.;
ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻehā: nā mea hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, me nā hobs, nā mea ʻoki hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, nā mea ʻoki ʻokiʻoki, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe bevel gear, etc.;
ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻelima: nā mea hana ʻoki ʻoki, me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻili ʻili pōʻai, nā ʻili band, nā ʻili kakaka, nā mea hoʻohuli ʻoki ʻoki a me nā mea ʻoki wili wili, etc.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻokolokolo o ka NC Tool Wear
1. E hoʻoholo mua inā ʻaʻahu ʻia a ʻaʻole paha i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui i ka wā o ka ʻoki ʻana, e hoʻolohe i ke kani, a ʻo ka leo o ka mea hana i ka wā o ka hana ʻana ʻaʻole ia he ʻoki maʻamau, ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono kēia i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻike.
2. E nana i ka hana.Inā loaʻa nā ʻālohilohi maʻamau i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ua pau ka mea hana.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i ka hāmeʻa i ka manawa e like me ke ola maʻamau o ka hāmeʻa.
3. E nana i ke kala o na waihona hao.Inā hoʻololi ke kala o nā faila hao, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua loli ka mahana o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ma muli paha o ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o ka mea hana.
4. E nana i ke ano o na waihona hao.ʻIke ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o nā kiʻi hao, ua ʻōwili ʻia nā kiʻi hao, a ua māhele maikaʻi ʻia nā kiʻi hao.ʻAʻole maopopo ia ka manaʻo o ka ʻoki maʻamau, e hōʻike ana ua ʻaʻahu ʻia ka mea hana.
5. Ke nānā aku nei i ka ʻili o ka mea hana, aia nā māka ʻālohilohi, akā ʻaʻole i loli nui ka roughness a me ka nui, ʻo ia nō ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia.
6. E hoʻolohe i ke kani, e hoʻoikaika ʻia ka haʻalulu hana, a e hoʻopuka ʻia ka walaʻau ʻino ke wikiwiki ʻole ka mea hana.I kēia manawa, pono e mālama ʻia e pale aku i ka "paʻi ʻana i ka pahi" a hiki ke ʻoki ʻia ka mea hana.
7. E nānā i ka ukana o ka mīkini mīkini.Inā loaʻa kahi hoʻololi hoʻonui ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ua ʻaʻahu ʻia ka mea hana.
8. Ke ʻoki ʻia ka mea hana, loaʻa nā burrs koʻikoʻi o ka mea hana, e emi ana ka ʻawaʻawa, hoʻololi ka nui o ka mea hana a me nā ʻano mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe nā pae hoʻoholo no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu o ka mea hana.Ma kahi huaʻōlelo, ʻike, lohe, a hoʻopā ʻana, ʻoiai hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻuluʻulu i hoʻokahi helu, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo inā paʻa ka hāmeʻa.
ʻO ka loina koho mea hana CNC
1. ʻO ka mea nui i ka hana ʻana ʻo ia ka mea hana
ʻO kēlā me kēia mea hana e ho'ōki i ka hana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pau ʻana o ka hana.Akā ʻaʻole ia he ʻano koʻikoʻi ko kēlā me kēia pahi.ʻO kahi mea hana me ka wā ʻoki lōʻihi ka hopena nui i ka pōʻai hana, no laila ma lalo o ka manaʻo like, pono e uku ʻia ka nānā ʻana i kēia mea hana.Eia kekahi, pono e uku ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kī a me nā mea hana me nā ʻae ʻana i ka mīkini paʻa.Eia kekahi, pono e nānā pono ʻia nā mea hana me ka hoʻokele chip maikaʻi ʻole, e like me nā drills, grooving tools, a me threading tools.Hiki ke hana ʻia ka manawa haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka mana chip maikaʻi ʻole.
2. Hoʻolike me ka mea hana mīkini
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pahi i nā pahi lima ʻākau a me nā pahi lima hema, no laila he mea nui ke koho ʻana i nā pahi kūpono.Ma keʻano laulā, kūpono nā mea hana lima ʻākau no nā mīkini e hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao kūʻē (CCW) (e like me ka nānā ʻana ma ka spindle);Ua kūpono nā mea hana lima hema i nā mīkini e hoʻololi i ka uaki (CW).Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kekahi mau lathe, ʻo kekahi e paʻa ana i nā mea hana lima hema a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka lima hema, koho i nā mea hana lima hema.No ka wili palaoa naʻe, maʻa mau ka poʻe e koho i nā mea hana i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi.Akā ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ka hana ʻana i uhi ʻia e kēia ʻano mea paahana, e nalowale koke ʻoe i ka rigidity o ka hāmeʻa, hoʻonui i ka deflection o ka mea paahana, hoʻemi i nā ʻāpana ʻokiʻoki, a maʻalahi hoʻi i ka haʻalulu machining.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka manipulator no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hāmeʻa ma ka mīkini paahana he mau palena hoʻi i ka nui a me ke kaumaha o ka mea hana.Inā kūʻai ʻoe i mea hana mīkini me ka hoʻoluʻu kūloko ma loko o ka puka o ka milo, e ʻoluʻolu e koho i kahi mea hana me ka hoʻoluʻu kūloko ma loko o ka lua.
3. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea i hana ʻia
ʻO ke kila kalapona kahi mea hana maʻamau i ka mīkini, no laila ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻoki ma muli o ka hoʻoili kila kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.Pono ke koho ʻia o ka lau e like me ka mea e hana ʻia.Hāʻawi nā mea hana mea hana i kahi ʻano o nā kino ʻoki a me nā mea hoʻohui like no ka mīkini ʻana i nā mea non-ferrous e like me superalloys, titanium alloys, aluminika, composites, plastics a me nā metala maʻemaʻe.Ke pono ʻoe e hana i nā mea i luna, e ʻoluʻolu e koho i kahi hāmeʻa me nā mea pili.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i loaʻa i nā ʻano mea hana ʻoki like ʻole, e hōʻike ana i nā mea kūpono no ka hana ʻana.Eia kekahi laʻana, hoʻohana nuiʻia ka papahana 3PP o DaElement no ka hanaʻana i ke alumini alumini, hoʻohana kūikawāʻia ka 86P series no ka hanaʻana i ke kila kila, a hoʻohana kūikawāʻia ka 6P series no ka hanaʻana i ke kila paʻakikī.
4. Mea hana kiko'ī
ʻO ka hewa maʻamau ke koho ʻana i kahi mea hoʻohuli liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me kahi mea hana wili ʻoi aku ka nui.ʻO nā mea hana hoʻohuli nui i ka rigidity maikaʻi;ʻoiai ʻaʻole nui ke kumukūʻai nā mea ʻoki wili nui, akā lōʻihi hoʻi no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ea.Ma keʻano laulā,ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o nā pahi nui ma mua o nā pahi liʻiliʻi.
5. E koho ma waena o nā pahi hiki ke hoʻololi a i ʻole nā pahi wili hou
He mea maʻalahi ke kumu e hahai ai: e hoʻāʻo e pale i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana i kāu mau pahi.Koe wale no kekahi mau wiliwili a me na mea oki wili maka, e hoao e koho i ka pahi hiki ke hoololi a i ole i na mea oki poo hiki ke hoololi ia ke ae ia.Mālama kēia iā ʻoe i nā lilo hana i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā hopena hoʻoponopono paʻa.
6. Mea paahana a me ka papa
ʻO ke kohoʻana o nā mea hana a me ka brand e pili pono ana i nā waiwai o ka mea i hanaʻia, ka wikiwiki a me ka hānaiʻana o ka mīkini.E koho i ka papa hana maʻamau no ka hui o nā mea i hana ʻia i ka mīkini, maʻamau ka uhi.E nānā i ka "Grade Application Recommendation Chart" i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea hoʻolako mea hana.Ma nā noi kūpono, ʻo ka hewa maʻamau ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ke ola mea hana ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā māka mea like mai nā mea hana mea hana ʻē aʻe.Inā ʻaʻole maikaʻi kāu mau pahi i kēia manawa, a laila e hoʻololi i kahi hōʻailona like mai kahi mea hana ʻē aʻe e lawe mai i nā hopena like.No ka hoʻoholo i ka pilikia, pono e hoʻoholo i ke kumu o ka hemahema o ka mea hana.
7. Pono mana
ʻO ke kumu alakaʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maikaʻi o nā mea āpau.Inā ua kūʻai ʻoe i ka mīkini wili me ka mana o 20hp, a laila, inā ʻae ka mea hana a me ka mea hoʻopili, koho i ka mea hana kūpono a me nā ʻāpana hana e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka 80% o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ka mīkini.E nānā pono i ka papa mana/wikiwiki i loko o ka manual mea hoʻohana mīkini, a koho i ka mea hana e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka noi ʻoki maikaʻi loa e like me ka mana o ka mana mīkini.
8. Ka helu o nā ʻoki ʻoki
ʻO ke kumu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.ʻO ke kūʻai ʻana i kahi mea hana hoʻohuli me ʻelua o ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻana ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo e uku ʻelua ʻoi aku ka nui.Ua pālua ka hoʻolālā kūpono i ka helu o nā ʻoki ʻoki i ka grooving, ka wehe ʻana a me kekahi mau mea hoʻokomo wili i nā makahiki i hala.ʻAʻole ia he mea maʻamau ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi mea ʻoki ʻoki kumu me nā mea hoʻokomo ʻoki 4 wale nō me kahi hoʻokomo ʻoki ʻoki 16.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā ʻokiʻoki e pili pono ana i ka hānai papaʻaina a me ka huahana.
9. E koho i ka mea hana hoʻohui a i ʻole ka mea hana modular
ʻO nā mea hana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kūpono no nā hoʻolālā monolithic;ʻO nā mea paʻahana nui e kūpono i nā hoʻolālā modular.No nā mea hana ʻoki nui, ke hāʻule ka mea ʻoki ʻoki, manaʻolana pinepine nā mea hoʻohana e kiʻi i kahi mea ʻokiʻoki hou wale nō ma ke pani ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a maʻalahi.He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no ka grooving a me nā mea hana ʻoluʻolu.
10. E koho i kahi mea hana hoʻokahi a i ʻole kahi mea hana nui
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana liʻiliʻi no nā mea hana hui.No ka laʻana, he mea hana multifunctional e hoʻohui i ka wili ʻana, ka huli ʻana, ka hoʻoluhi kūloko, ka threading a me ka chamfering.ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana paʻakikī no nā mea hana multi-function.Loaʻa nā mea hana mīkini iā ʻoe i ka wā e ʻoki ai lākou, ʻaʻole i ka wā i lalo.
11. E koho i ka mea hana ma'amau a i'ole ka mea hana ma'amau
Me ka kaulana o ka mīkini helu helu (CNC), manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke ʻano o ka mea hana ma o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ma mua o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea hana, no laila ʻaʻole pono nā mea hana maʻamau.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā pahi maʻamau ʻole e hoʻomau i ka 15% o ka huina kūʻai o nā pahi.No ke aha mai?Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻokiʻoki ke hoʻokō i nā koi nui o ka mea hana, hoʻemi i ke kaʻina hana a hoʻopōkole i ke kaʻina hana.No ka hana nui, hiki i nā mea hana ʻoki maʻamau ke hōʻemi i ke kaʻina hana a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai.
12. Hoʻomalu Chip
E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo kāu pahuhopu ka mīkini ʻana i ka mea hana, ʻaʻole nā ʻāpana, akā hiki i nā ʻāpana ke hōʻike maopopo i ke kūlana ʻoki o ka mea hana.Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, aia kahi stereotype e pili ana i nā ʻokiʻoki, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia ka hapa nui o ka poʻe e wehewehe iā lākou.E hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻōlelo aʻe: ʻaʻole e hoʻopau nā chips maikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana, ʻo nā ʻāpana maikaʻi e hana ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻokomo i hoʻolālā ʻia me nā mea wāwahi chip, a ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea wāwahi chip e like me ka helu hānai, inā he ʻoki māmā a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻoki kaumaha.ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka chip, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka haki ʻana.He paʻakikī ka mana chip no nā mea paʻakikī i ka mīkini.ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka mea e hana ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana hou e hoʻoponopono i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoki ʻana, ka nui o ka hānai, ke degere o ka ʻoki ʻana, ka radius kihi o ka ihu mea hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
13. Papahana
I ke alo o nā mea hana, nā mea hana a me nā mīkini mīkini CNC, pono pinepine e wehewehe i nā ala mea hana.ʻO ke kūpono, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ke code mīkini maʻamau, loaʻa kahi pūʻolo CAM.Pono e noʻonoʻo ka mea hana i nā hiʻohiʻona mea hana e like me ke kihi ramping, ke kuhikuhi o ka huli ʻana, ka hānai ʻana, ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoki ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Hiki i ka polokalamu polokalamu CAM maikaʻi ke mālama i ka hana a hoʻonui i ka huahana.
14. E koho i nā pahi hou a i ʻole nā pahi oʻo maʻamau
I ka manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana, hiki ke pālua ka huahana o nā mea ʻoki i kēlā me kēia 10 makahiki.Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā ʻāpana ʻokiʻoki o ka mea hana i ʻōlelo ʻia ma 10 mau makahiki i hala, e ʻike ʻoe e hiki i ka mea hana o kēia lā ke pālua i ka pono o ka hana ʻana, akā hoʻemi ʻia ka mana ʻoki e 30%.He ikaika ka matrix alloy o ka mea ʻokiʻoki hou a he kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī, hiki ke ʻike i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoki kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika ʻoki haʻahaʻa.Loaʻa i nā chipbreakers a me nā māka he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka versatility ākea.I ka manawa like, ua hoʻohui nā pahi hou i ka versatility a me ka modularity, nā mea ʻelua e hōʻemi i ka waihona a hoʻonui i nā noi mea hana.ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana ʻoki i alakaʻi i ka hoʻolālā huahana hou a me nā manaʻo hana, e like me nā ʻokiʻoki Bawang me nā hana huli a me ka grooving, a me nā mea ʻoki wili kiʻekiʻe, ka mea i hāpai i ka mīkini kiʻekiʻe, ka mīkini liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (MQL) machining. a me ka ʻenehana hoʻohuli paʻakikī.Ma muli o nā kumu i luna a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, pono ʻoe e hahai i ke ʻano hana a aʻo e pili ana i ka ʻenehana ʻokiʻoki, inā ʻaʻole e pilikia ʻoe i ka hāʻule ʻana.
15. Kumukuai
ʻOiai he mea nui ke kumukūʻai o ka mea hana, ʻaʻole ia e like me ka nui o ke kumukūʻai hana i uku ʻia no ka mea hana.ʻOiai ke kumu kūʻai ponoʻī o ka pahi, aia ka waiwai o ka pahi i kāna hana e hana ai no ka huahana.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā pahi kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ka mea e hopena i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki he 3% wale nō o ke kumukūʻai o ka ʻāpana.No laila e nānā i ka huahana o kāu mau pahi, ʻaʻole kā lākou kumu kūʻai.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jan-27-2018
